Dye-containing polymers: methods for preparation of mechanochromic materials

The detection of mechanical stress in polymeric materials through optical variations has attracted considerable interest over the past ten years. In this tutorial review, the current state of knowledge concerning the preparation of polymers with mechanochromic features is summarized. Two types of procedures are illustrated and thoroughly discussed along with their respective structure–property relationships: the first resides in the physical dispersion of the dye in the form of supramolecular aggregates in a preformed polymer matrix; the second involves the covalent insertion of chromophoric units in the macromolecule backbone or side chains. Herein we review the simplicity of the preparative routes available, and their influence over the properties of the resulting dye/polymer systems, by focussing on the most illustrative examples described in the literature. Special reference is made to stimuli-responsiveness as a mechanical means towards innovative smart and intelligent materials.