Canine leishmaniosis and kidney disease: Q&A for an overall management in clinical practice

There is a growing international interest in CanL, because of the geographical spread of the disease and because modern diagnos- tic tests have allowed the identification of an increasingly large number of dogs showing clinical signs, that in the past were not identified or were identified late in the course of the disease. Sim- ilarly, increased understanding and availability of diagnostics has led to identification of more dogs with nephropathy associated with leishmaniosis. Clinicians must be aware of this important aspect of CanL and consider specific assessments of renal func- tion at the time of initial diagnosis and staging and at the time of periodic follow-up assessments over the life of those dogs. These guidelines summarise the current state-of-the-art of knowledge of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, long-term management and prognosis for CanL-associated renal disease.