Residual volume in a general population; Effects of body size, age, cigarette smoking, and respiratory symptoms

Residual volume (RV) was obtained by subtracting vital capacity from total lung capacity determined by the single breath helium dilution (TLCsb) to measure CO diffusing capacity in 2,680 subjects (8 to 64 years old) of a general population sample. There were 712 normal subjects (243 male and 469 female subjects) selected to evaluate the pattern of RV by age and to derive reference values for internal comparisons. From 8 to 20 years old, RV showed an increase because of the cross-sectional body size effect; after 20 to 30 years, RV was still increasing, however, at a lower level. Age and height coefficients were significantly related to RV in younger and older ages, both in male and female subjects. The RV percent predicted and RV/TLC percent were higher in smokers when compared to nonsmokers and exsmokers (the difference was significant in male subjects). A dose-response effect was observed between RV percent predicted, RV/TLC percent, and pack-years. The RV percent predicted and RV/TLC percent were significantly higher in smokers and nonsmokers with FEV1 percent predicted below the normal limit (the difference was significant in male subjects). Moreover, higher values of RV percent predicted and RV/TLC percent were observed in subjects with wheezy symptoms in male smokers and nonsmokers. A negative significant correlation was observed between RV/TLC percent and the diffusing capacity adjusted for lung volume (DL/VA) in smokers, exsmokers and nonsmokers of both sexes, confirming the hypothesis that the decrease in DL/VA may be ascribed to the enlargement of terminal air spaces. In conclusion, determination of RV by the single breath helium dilution method is suitable in epidemiology, and it allows additional important information for understanding the physiopathologic mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease.