Economic development with deadly communicable diseases and public prevention

Infectious diseases have been a major determinant of human mortality in history and the key regulator of population size, including the first epoch of the Industrial Revolution (until the 1950s) in Western countries and still now in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In recent times, a new vein of economic research dealing with the interplay between communicable diseases and economic development has grown. However, pioneering previous research (Chakraborty et al., 2010, 2016) has analysed this issue in a framework where prevention decisions were the outcome of private individual rational choices. This assumption neither seems to hold for least-developed countries, primarily due to a lack of resources, nor for developed countries, where prevention policies are mostly planned by the public authority through its (public) health system, as also well documented by the current COVID-19 crisis. Our aim in this article is twofold. First, we pinpoint the properties of Chakraborty et al.'s basic epidemiological equation to fully enlighten its usability in economic-epidemiology modelling. Second, we apply this framework to analyse prevention activities against a range of infectious diseases by endogenous public (rather than private) health expenditures. Our results identify the relationships governing the interplay between -- on one hand -- typical epidemiological phenomena, namely invasion (that is, the tendency of infection to establish in a population) versus endemicity (that is, the tendency of infection to persist in the long term) and -- on the other hand -- economic variables, such as capital accumulation, GDP and taxation. This is done by identifying threshold quantities, depending on both epidemiological and economic parameters, and by bifurcation analysis showing the effects that public intervention can have on previously uncontrolled infectious diseases. Both direct and indirect, that is, partial and general equilibrium, effects of control interventions are identified.