Charles III of Bourbon, Duke of Parma and Piacenza. From endoscopic examination to a paleopathological projec

This article describes the endoscopic exploration of the tomb of Charles III of Bourbon Parma, located in the Chapel of Villa Borbone in Viareggio (Tuscany, Italy). The endoscopy justifies a project of complete exploration of the gravesite, which continued with the opening of the monumental ducal sarcophagus, in order to verify the past violations of the tomb suggested by some incongruities on the sarcophagus itself, and to control the presence and the conditions of the content. The paper also focuses on the circumstances of the duke’s death, on the necropsy of the body and on the funeral of the sovereign