Italian populism(s): leaderships, policy positions, and ideologies in political parties.

The chapter is structured as follows: in the first section, we will reconstruct the two main branches of the literature on populism: one that interprets populism as an ideology and a party feature, and the other, which interprets populism as a communication strategy. In the second section, we will illustrate the method of our analysis, whose results will be presented and interpreted in the third section. In the conclusion, we will summarize the most important findings related to our research questions and discuss their theoretical implications.