Falling within the sphere of punitive law, the criminal liability of corporate entities represents a complex repressive model. It outlines the result of several hybridizations: depending on the discipline profile taken into consideration, the Italian legislation on “criminal” liability of legal person discloses derogatory rules – especially in terms of guarantees – compared to the standard sanction regimes (criminal, administrative, civil). The analysis aims at assessing the Italian system of corporate liability for criminal offence in the light of the fundamental principles of “criminal matter”. This concept is considered both in its conventional and constitutional meaning, in order to identify the standard of substantive and procedural rights referable to corporations. The main focus will be on the discipline of the model of organization and management able to prevent crimes (i.e. a compliance program), pursuant to art. 6 of the legislative decree no. 231/2001. The organizational model constitutes the core of the imputation system of offence committed by the corporation’s employees. However, with reference to the above-mentioned principles, the provisions governing compliance programs raise several critical issues in terms of legality, presumption of innocence and personal liability. Against this background, the doctrinal and jurisprudential debate developed in this field will be analysed, as well as the proposals for reform drawn up in order to overcome dogmatic conflicts and enforcement difficulties affecting the discipline in question, twenty years after its introduction.
Ricondotto dal legislatore nella nebulosa del diritto punitivo, il paradigma di responsabilità da reato degli enti rappresenta un modello repressivo complesso, frutto di ibridazioni: a seconda del profilo di disciplina preso in considerazione, l’illecito collettivo rivela connotazioni fortemente derogatorie, soprattutto in termini di garanzie, rispetto ai modelli sanzionatori di riferimento (penale, amministrativo, civile). Lo scritto si propone di esaminare il sistema “231” alla luce dei principi della materia penale, nella duplice accezione convenzionale e costituzionale, al fine di individuare l’essere e il dover essere dello standard di tutele sostanziali e processuali riferibile all’ente. Tra i molteplici profili di “degradazione” delle garanzie che costellano la normativa, l’attenzione sarà, soprattutto, rivolta alla disciplina del modello di organizzazione e gestione, di cui all’art. 6 del decreto. L’espediente imputativo dei compliance programs, inidonei fino a prova contraria, sembra porsi in forte tensione con i principi cardine della materia penale, prestando il fianco a significative obiezioni in punto di legalità, presunzione di innocenza e personalità della responsabilità penale. Alla luce di tali rilievi, si valuteranno le linee di approdo del dibattito dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, nonché gli itinerari di riforma prospettati al fine di superare le criticità dogmatiche e le difficoltà applicative di cui risente la disciplina a distanza di vent’anni dalla sua introduzione.
L’illecito dell’ente tra combinazione di moduli punitivi e affievolimento di garanzie: deroghe e scostamenti disciplinari al vaglio di legittimità costituzionale e convenzionale
Savarino, Alice
2021-01-01
Abstract
Falling within the sphere of punitive law, the criminal liability of corporate entities represents a complex repressive model. It outlines the result of several hybridizations: depending on the discipline profile taken into consideration, the Italian legislation on “criminal” liability of legal person discloses derogatory rules – especially in terms of guarantees – compared to the standard sanction regimes (criminal, administrative, civil). The analysis aims at assessing the Italian system of corporate liability for criminal offence in the light of the fundamental principles of “criminal matter”. This concept is considered both in its conventional and constitutional meaning, in order to identify the standard of substantive and procedural rights referable to corporations. The main focus will be on the discipline of the model of organization and management able to prevent crimes (i.e. a compliance program), pursuant to art. 6 of the legislative decree no. 231/2001. The organizational model constitutes the core of the imputation system of offence committed by the corporation’s employees. However, with reference to the above-mentioned principles, the provisions governing compliance programs raise several critical issues in terms of legality, presumption of innocence and personal liability. Against this background, the doctrinal and jurisprudential debate developed in this field will be analysed, as well as the proposals for reform drawn up in order to overcome dogmatic conflicts and enforcement difficulties affecting the discipline in question, twenty years after its introduction.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.