Fabrication of endoluminal medical devices

In this chapter, we provide a critical discussion on the fabrication challenges for endoluminal microdevices. We detail the physical laws that govern the miniaturization of a device, the theoretical mechanical limits of miniaturized structures, and the viability of different fabrication options depending on the application. Then, we provide fabrication examples based on the classification of endoluminal devices: rigid, articulated systems for minimally invasive surgery, flexible tethered systems for navigation and intervention inside tubular organs or cavities, and wireless systems for diagnosis and intervention inside hollow organs. The chapter will conclude with a discussion on main take-away lessons and future directions in the field.