Environmental changes in Sorbas arid region (Southern Spain) during MIS 5a inferred from a carbonate flowstone from a gypsum cave

Present climate conditions impede the formation of calcite speleothems in the gypsum caves of the semi-arid region of Sorbas (Southern Spain). However, U-Th dating reveals the uninterrupted deposition of a 46 mm -thick carbonate flowstone in the Sorbas caves from-78 to-71 ka, during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a. This indicates that the area was vegetated during this period, producing biogenic CO2 in soils necessary for the un-derground deposition of the speleothem, which contrasts with the current unvegetated landscape. During MIS 5a, rainfall recharged the karst aquifer, leading to cave seepage. The development of soils and persistent water infiltration suggests a higher precipitation/evapotranspiration ratio with respect to the present, which was likely favored by lower regional temperatures and a different annual rainfall regime. 818O and 813C analyses testify that the speleothem recorded climate pulses synchronous, and structurally similar, with Greenland interstadial and stadial periods, with relatively wetter conditions recorded during interstadials 21.1, 20 and 19.2, and drier periods during stadials 21.1 and 20. This demonstrates that the climate in the desert-like environment of Sorbas is sensitive to inter-and intra-hemispherical triggers, such as the extent of Northern ice sheets and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Interstadials (stadials) were also characterized by a higher (lower) Atlantic/ Mediterranean moisture source ratio. For the first time, we show that carbonate speleothems formed in arid gypsum caves can record reliable palaeoenvironmental information spanning multiple millennia, procuring proxies for detailed palaeoclimate reconstructions. Such speleothems are thus excellent candidates for under-standing past climate dynamics and patterns in desert-like gypsum terrains.