[English version] According to the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, remote teaching should be rejected as a kind of technological barbarism, because it interferes with the real-time dialogue within knowledge communities by subjecting their discussion to a constrained and hetero-directed mediation. However, a comparable mediation was already in place in the field of research: its evaluation has been administratively subtracted from the scientific community to be handed over to commercial academic publishing monopolies, which are increasingly moving from a content-provision to a data analytics business. Therefore, when Italian universities and schools were induced, during the pandemic, to turn to the proprietary remote teaching platforms of Microsoft or Google during the pandemic, they were just taking another step along a path already trodden. Big Tech has been influencing them for years, both directly, by selectively funding uncritical scholars and institutions, unlikely to disrupt their surveillance business and indirectly, through the provision of research assessment systems, productivity tools and online learning management ecosystems (SPARC, 2019) entailing choice architectures that enable the service providers to extract data and sell analytics and behavioural modifications to those who can pay for them. In this context, rejecting remote teaching as if it were a radical disruption may be rhetorically effective, and yet theoretically unfruitful, both because it fail to critically address the choice of proprietary platforms like such as those offered by Microsoft or Google and because it prevents us from exploring the possibility of a third way, between apocalyptic rejection and integrated complacency. If we could be “not free from the machine, but free in relation to the machine” (Eco, 1964), we would also be able to benefit from “skywriting at the speed of thought“(Harnad, 2003), which is the new kind of interactivity made possible by the ICT revolution. In Italy, the creation of a national remote learning platform using free software and a federated cloud would be technically and economically feasible, as shown by the experiences of the Politecnico di Torino and of the GARR, a public body to which the Italian universities themselves are federated. Such a platform would also more easily comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation, because it would not depend from U.S. multinational corporations like Microsoft or Google. But why have most Italian universities chosen Microsoft Teams or Google Meet? As pointed out in a recent conference in Pisa, many university administrators believe that ICT does not process and shape information, but rather that it is neutral in relation to the contents it conveys, so that teaching can be outsourced to proprietary monopolies without affecting its substance. On the other hand, the advocates of an independent national remote learning platform think that computer science is not just about computers, because it freezes and automatizes chunks of past human knowledge: hence, a university that surrenders the freedom to shape its teaching to Big Tech outsources one of its specific vocations that is at least as important as research. And even from a strictly commercial point of view, the typical commodity of the university is not some kind of social media training, but rather liberal education. Hence, the decision not to provide the latter would be a self-defeating choice – unless universities prefer to side with the powers that be rather than to exert a power which, to quote Kant, requires publicity in order not to fail in its purpose.

Secondo Giorgio Agamben la teledidattica va rigettata in toto, in quanto barbarie tecnologica che aliena le comunità di conoscenza sottoponendo la discussione a una mediazione obbligata ed eterodiretta. Una mediazione analoga era tuttavia già in atto per la ricerca, e con l’acquiescenza di buona parte degli studiosi: la sua valutazione è amministrativamente sottratta alle comunità scientifiche e affidata a oligopoli editoriali commerciali il cui prodotto principale è sempre più l’analisi di dati ormai non soltanto citazionali. Inoltre, monopoli tecnologici non specifici del microcosmo accademico quali Microsoft e Google, alle cui piattaforme università e scuole italiane sono state indotte a rivolgersi, anche per la teledidattica, durante la pandemia, influenzano da tempo gli atenei: direttamente con finanziamenti selettivi a studiosi e istituzioni non troppo critici sui loro affari; indirettamente, tramite la fornitura di sistemi telematici di insegnamento, di collaborazione, di condivisione, di valutazione e di amministrazione che impongono ambienti di scelta da cui estraggono dati e con cui forgiano comportamenti da smerciare a chi può pagare per comprarseli. Rigettare la teledidattica come tale, in questo contesto, impedisce di criticare specificamente la scelta di piattaforme proprietarie come quelle di Microsoft o Google, e soprattutto di interrogarsi sulla possibilità di una terza via, fra rifiuto apocalittico e compiacimento integrato, per esseri umani “non deliberati dalla macchina ma liberi in rapporto ad essa” (Eco, 1964) – una via che aiuti a trarre vantaggio dalla nuova interattività, “scrivere in cielo alla velocità del pensiero” (Harnad, 2003), resa possibile dalla telematica. In Italia creare una piattaforma teledidattica nazionale basata su software libero e su un cloud federale, in grado di condividere e di ottimizzare l’uso delle risorse di calcolo locali, sarebbe tecnicamente ed economicamente praticabile, come ha mostrato l’esperienza del Politecnico di Torino e quella del GARR, ente pubblico a cui sono federate le università stesse. Una simile piattaforma, indipendente da multinazionali statunitensi come Microsoft o Google, sarebbe anche rispettosa della normativa europea sulla privacy. Come mostra una recente conferenza pisana in cui le posizioni si sono confrontate, le università che hanno scelto Microsoft o Google lo hanno fatto con spirito aziendale, nella convinzione che l’informatica sia una computer science neutrale rispetto ai contenuti che veicola e che l’insegnamento possa essere dato in outsourcing a monopoli proprietari senza alterarlo nella sostanza. Per chi invece patrocina la terza via, l’informatica cristallizza e automatizza conoscenza umana passata così che un’università la quale rinunci all’autonomia sulla forma del proprio insegnamento per abbandonarlo a monopoli esterni, rinuncia non a qualcosa di accessorio, ma a una sua vocazione specifica, importante almeno quanto la ricerca. Ma anche da una prospettiva strettamente mercantile, se la “merce” tipica dell’università è una formazione culturale indipendente, rinunciare a offrirla per farsi fungibile ente di addestramento e di sottomissione ai monopoli del capitalismo della sorveglianza è una scelta autolesionistica – a meno che non si preferisca stare col potere invece di esercitare un potere la cui caratteristica sarebbe, kantianamente, quella di aver bisogno della pubblicità per non venir meno al suo scopo.

Sulle spalle dei mercanti: teledidattica e civiltà tecnologica

Maria Chiara Pievatolo
2023-01-01

Abstract

[English version] According to the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, remote teaching should be rejected as a kind of technological barbarism, because it interferes with the real-time dialogue within knowledge communities by subjecting their discussion to a constrained and hetero-directed mediation. However, a comparable mediation was already in place in the field of research: its evaluation has been administratively subtracted from the scientific community to be handed over to commercial academic publishing monopolies, which are increasingly moving from a content-provision to a data analytics business. Therefore, when Italian universities and schools were induced, during the pandemic, to turn to the proprietary remote teaching platforms of Microsoft or Google during the pandemic, they were just taking another step along a path already trodden. Big Tech has been influencing them for years, both directly, by selectively funding uncritical scholars and institutions, unlikely to disrupt their surveillance business and indirectly, through the provision of research assessment systems, productivity tools and online learning management ecosystems (SPARC, 2019) entailing choice architectures that enable the service providers to extract data and sell analytics and behavioural modifications to those who can pay for them. In this context, rejecting remote teaching as if it were a radical disruption may be rhetorically effective, and yet theoretically unfruitful, both because it fail to critically address the choice of proprietary platforms like such as those offered by Microsoft or Google and because it prevents us from exploring the possibility of a third way, between apocalyptic rejection and integrated complacency. If we could be “not free from the machine, but free in relation to the machine” (Eco, 1964), we would also be able to benefit from “skywriting at the speed of thought“(Harnad, 2003), which is the new kind of interactivity made possible by the ICT revolution. In Italy, the creation of a national remote learning platform using free software and a federated cloud would be technically and economically feasible, as shown by the experiences of the Politecnico di Torino and of the GARR, a public body to which the Italian universities themselves are federated. Such a platform would also more easily comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation, because it would not depend from U.S. multinational corporations like Microsoft or Google. But why have most Italian universities chosen Microsoft Teams or Google Meet? As pointed out in a recent conference in Pisa, many university administrators believe that ICT does not process and shape information, but rather that it is neutral in relation to the contents it conveys, so that teaching can be outsourced to proprietary monopolies without affecting its substance. On the other hand, the advocates of an independent national remote learning platform think that computer science is not just about computers, because it freezes and automatizes chunks of past human knowledge: hence, a university that surrenders the freedom to shape its teaching to Big Tech outsources one of its specific vocations that is at least as important as research. And even from a strictly commercial point of view, the typical commodity of the university is not some kind of social media training, but rather liberal education. Hence, the decision not to provide the latter would be a self-defeating choice – unless universities prefer to side with the powers that be rather than to exert a power which, to quote Kant, requires publicity in order not to fail in its purpose.
2023
Pievatolo, MARIA CHIARA
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1181186
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