Temporal consistency of a facilitation cascade on shallow rocky reefs

Facilitation cascades are increasingly recognized as key drivers of biodiversity in a variety of habitats, yet their temporal variability remains poorly investigated. On shallow subtidal rocky reefs, positive interactions between the canopy-forming species, Halopithys incurva, and its epiphyte, Jania rubens, enhance the abundance and di-versity of the associated mobile invertebrate assemblage. By means of a field experiment manipulating the presence of J. rubens on H. incurva plants, we investigated whether the effects of this facilitation cascade varied over time scales of months. Despite seasonal fluctuations in its biomass, J. rubens enhanced total invertebrate abundance and species richness by 64% and 45%, respectively, throughout the experiment. Our results suggest that the presence of J. rubens, likely by providing novel microhabitats and increasing resource availability, sustains invertebrate biodiversity of shallow macroalgal forests consistently between warm and cold periods. Understanding the temporal dynamics of facilitation cascades and their mechanisms can help inform manage-ment strategies targeting biodiversity conservation and restoration under current and future climates.