Depleted Calcium Stores and Increased Calcium Entry in Rod Photoreceptors of the Cacna2d4 Mouse Model of Cone-Rod Dystrophy RCD4

Unidentified pathogenetic mechanisms and genetic and clinical heterogeneity represent critical factors hindering the development of treatments for inherited retinal dystrophies. Frameshift mutations in Cacna2d4, which codes for an accessory subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), cause cone-rod dystrophy RCD4 in patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To define its pathogenetic mechanisms, we investigated the impact of a Cacna2d4 frameshift mutation on the electrophysiological profile and calcium handling of mouse rod photoreceptors by patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging, respectively. In mutant (MUT) rods, the dysregulation of calcium handling extends beyond the reduction in calcium entry through VGCC and surprisingly involves internal calcium stores' depletion and upregulation of calcium entry via non-selective cationic channels (CSC). The similar dependence of CSC on basal calcium levels in WT and MUT rods suggests that the primary defect in MUT rods lies in defective calcium stores. Calcium stores' depletion, leading to upregulated calcium and sodium influx via CSC, represents a novel and, so far, unsuspected consequence of the Cacna2d4 mutation. Blocking CSC may provide a novel strategy to counteract the well-known pathogenetic mechanisms involved in rod demise, such as the reticulum stress response and calcium and sodium overload due to store depletion.