Biomarkers: monoclonal protein and indicators of cardiac damage.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a group of systemic disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal protein fibrils in the heart, leading to progressive heart failure (HF) and poor prognosis. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective risk stratification are critical for guiding treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes. Circulating biomarkers reflect the pathophysiology of amyloidosis (Fig. 11.1), and some of them have emerged as valuable tools in the management of CA, providing insights into organ involvement, disease progression, and response to therapy. This review paper aims to explore the role of biomarkers in CA, focusing on two major subtypes: biomarkers related to monoclonal protein and indicators of cardiac damage, namely natriuretic peptides (NPs) and troponins