Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid in ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domestica ) after different administration routes

1. The objective of this research was to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory compound, after administration through different routes to Pekin ducks. The investigation was carried out over four time periods using a randomised cross-pharmacokinetic design. 2. Tolfenamic acid was administered to ducks intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously and orally at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Tolfenamic acid analysis was performed using HPLC-UV and pharmacokinetic data were conducted by non-compartmental analysis. 3. The total clearance, volume of distribution at steady state and terminal elimination half‐life after intravenous administration were 0.14 l/h/kg, 0.29 l/kg and 1.80 h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration and bioavailability for intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration were 4.59, 3.55 and 2.23 μg/ml and 93.62, 74.30 and 43.43%, respectively. 4. Tolfenamic acid was absorbed rapidly, eliminated quickly and exhibited a small distribution volume in Pekin ducks. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum concentration, area under the plasma concentration–time curve and bioavailability, were found to be different in ducks from other bird species.