A System-Level Characterization of Residential Electric Vehicle Recharge for the Provision of Balancing Services with a Focus on aFRR

This paper focuses on balancing ancillary services facilitated by EVs, examining service prerequisites and EV potential contributions, with an emphasis on ongoing pilot projects. It evaluates recharging patterns and flexibility potential of residential EV recharging at a national level in a 2030 scenario, considering uncontrolled charging, a strategy based on flattened power absorption (here called 'smooth' charging), and a delayed recharging strategy. Leveraging the obtained charging patterns, it assesses EVs' potential contribution to supplying the automatic frequency restoration reserve. The results show that the smooth charging strategy offers better flexibility potentials concerning typical trends of the aFRR requirement. For this type of charging, it is observed that electric vehicles, in a 2030 scenario, could cover between 16-18% of the automatic frequency restoration reserve demand.