The control of Varroa destructor is a major challenge in beekeeping, contributing significantly to colony collapse disorder (CCD). In addition to the direct damage inflicted to bees during the trophic activity and the decrease of their immunity responses, V. destructor poses an additional threat to honeybees through its ability to transmit multiple viruses, which can potentially lead to colony death. The management of this mite involves various strategies, including the use of synthetic acaricides, which remains widely practiced. However, the use of these substances entails, as is well known, a series of issues related to the emergence of resistance phenomena as well as the contamination of apicultural products. Driven by the demand for innovative and sustainable tools to control V. destructor, researchers have increasingly focused on environmentally friendly solutions such as botanical acaricides, with particular attention to those derived from essential oils (EOs). At present, EOs and their major components are widely recognized for their acaricidal properties. Indeed, some commercial formulations containing EOs or EO constituents are authorized in various countries for V. destructor management. Here, preliminary results of ascreening focused on evaluating the acaricidal activity of EOs derived from selected plants (i.e., Pimpinella anisum L., Eucalyptus spp, Carlina acaulis L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus capitatus L., Citrus spp, Syzygium aromaticum (L), Laurus nobilis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L) are presented. The tested EOs, purchased from local retailers or extracted by steam distillation, were tested by fumigation at five different concentrations, and for two exposure times, under laboratory conditions according to the procedures recommended in the COLOSS Bee Book. Mortality rate was recorded four hours after treatment. Furthermore, side effects, with particular reference to acute toxicity, on bee workers were evaluated. The most promising EOs were also chemically characterized by GC-MS. Among the tested EOs, only S. aromaticum caused significant mortality of mites. Mortality followed a dose-dependent trend, while negative effects on bees were negligible for all tested oils. The results of our study suggest that S. aromaticum EO could be a valuable tool in controlling V. destructor infestations. Formulation of the EO for hive application is ongoing, and further studies will evaluate its efficacy under field conditions.
La gestione di Varroa destructor è riconosciuta come una delle grandi sfide dell'apicoltura, poiché rappresenta una delle principali cause della sindrome dello spopolamento degli alveari (SSA). Oltre ai danni diretti inflitti alle api e alla depressione del loro sistema immunitario a causa del parassitismo, V. destructor rappresenta una minaccia aggiuntiva a causa della capacità di trasmettere diversi virus che possono essere fatali per le colonie. Il controllo di questo acaro prevede diverse strategie, tra cui l’uso di acaricidi di sintesi, che rimane ancora molto diffuso. L’uso di queste sostanze, comporta, com’è noto, una serie di problematiche legate all’insorgenza di fenomeni di resistenza nonché la contaminazione dei prodotti apistici. La necessità di strumenti innovativi e sostenibili per il controllo di V. destructor ha spinto i ricercatori a cercare soluzioni ecologiche, tra cui l'uso di acaricidi botanici, con particolare riferimento a quelli a base di oli essenziali (OE), che hanno suscitato un crescente interesse. Attualmente, gli OE, e alcuni dei loro principali costituenti, sono ampiamente riconosciuti per le loro proprietà acaricide. Alcune formulazioni commerciali a base di OE sono già autorizzate in vari paesi per la gestione di V. destructor. Qui riportiamo i primi risultati di uno screening volto a valutare l’efficacia acaricida degli OE estratti da una selezione di piante (Pimpinella anisum L., Eucalyptus spp, Carlina acaulis L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus capitatus L., Citrus spp, Syzygium aromaticum (L), Laurus nobilis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L). Gli OE testati, acquistati da rivenditori locali o estratti mediante distillazione a vapore, sono stati testati per fumigazione a cinque diverse concentrazioni, e per due tempi di esposizione, in condizioni di laboratorio seguendo le procedure raccomandate nel COLOSS Bee Book. La mortalità è stata valutata dopo quattro ore dal trattamento. Inoltre, per gli stessi OE, sono stati valutati eventuali effetti collaterali, in particolare la tossicità acuta, su api operaie. Gli OE più promettenti sono stati caratterizzati chimicamente mediante GC-MS. Degli OE testati solo quello di S. aromaticum ha causato un’elevata mortalità di V. destructor. La mortalità ha seguito una tendenza dose-dipendente, mentre gli effetti negativi sulle api sono stati trascurabili per tutti gli oli testati. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato il potenziale utilizzo dell’OE di S. aromaticum nella gestione di V. destructor. Studi relativi alla formulazione dell’OE per l’applicazione in arnia sono attualmente in corso, al fine di valutarne l'efficacia in condizioni operative di campo.
Laboratory evaluation of selected essential oils against Varroa destructor.
Priscilla Farina;Giovanni Benelli;Angelo Canale;
2025-01-01
Abstract
The control of Varroa destructor is a major challenge in beekeeping, contributing significantly to colony collapse disorder (CCD). In addition to the direct damage inflicted to bees during the trophic activity and the decrease of their immunity responses, V. destructor poses an additional threat to honeybees through its ability to transmit multiple viruses, which can potentially lead to colony death. The management of this mite involves various strategies, including the use of synthetic acaricides, which remains widely practiced. However, the use of these substances entails, as is well known, a series of issues related to the emergence of resistance phenomena as well as the contamination of apicultural products. Driven by the demand for innovative and sustainable tools to control V. destructor, researchers have increasingly focused on environmentally friendly solutions such as botanical acaricides, with particular attention to those derived from essential oils (EOs). At present, EOs and their major components are widely recognized for their acaricidal properties. Indeed, some commercial formulations containing EOs or EO constituents are authorized in various countries for V. destructor management. Here, preliminary results of ascreening focused on evaluating the acaricidal activity of EOs derived from selected plants (i.e., Pimpinella anisum L., Eucalyptus spp, Carlina acaulis L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus capitatus L., Citrus spp, Syzygium aromaticum (L), Laurus nobilis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L) are presented. The tested EOs, purchased from local retailers or extracted by steam distillation, were tested by fumigation at five different concentrations, and for two exposure times, under laboratory conditions according to the procedures recommended in the COLOSS Bee Book. Mortality rate was recorded four hours after treatment. Furthermore, side effects, with particular reference to acute toxicity, on bee workers were evaluated. The most promising EOs were also chemically characterized by GC-MS. Among the tested EOs, only S. aromaticum caused significant mortality of mites. Mortality followed a dose-dependent trend, while negative effects on bees were negligible for all tested oils. The results of our study suggest that S. aromaticum EO could be a valuable tool in controlling V. destructor infestations. Formulation of the EO for hive application is ongoing, and further studies will evaluate its efficacy under field conditions.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


