This article analyses the evolving legal framework on the automation of public procu-rement, highlighting how public authorities are increasingly shaping this market through new regulatory approaches. It also identifies a regulatory pattern that appears to emerge across other sectors. Reflecting broader trends, public intervention is undergoing a transformation. Euro-pean Union law is increasingly integrating industrial policy objectives into the econo-mic regulation of public purchasing. At the same time, digital regulation is being en-trusted with the task of implementing emerging strategic priorities, positioning public contracts as an additional tool for market governance. The study exposes key challenges in applying the AI Act to e-procurement platforms. A core contradiction emerges: these platforms operate within digital markets built on a kind of idea-based protectionism, which arguably should be softened to align with fundamental principles of economic democracy. It is further shown that the wide-spread use of algorithms in online procurement rarely activates the protections of the Eu regulation, which are only applicable when automation affects the platform’s phy-sical security. Meanwhile, the digital rights established under Italian law risk becoming ineffective in the face of the practical complexity of fully automated public procure-ment. It is particularly noteworthy that the analysis of these platforms discloses their dual nature: they function, on the one hand, as technical and procedural infrastructures, and, on the other, as normative environments in which digital rules are generated and enforced, directly shaping competitive dynamics. This inherent propensity for self-re-gulation, oriented toward the maximization of efficiency, coexists with their capacity to enable and reinforce public regulation, thereby turning it into a supportive instru-ment of the market rather than a mere corrective to its failures. The analysis ultimately points to a shifting landscape, where the established centrality of economic regulation may be waning, or perhaps being redefined by the ongoing digital transition.
L’analisi della recente disciplina dell’automazione degli appalti pubblici consente all’autrice di rilevare significative evoluzioni della funzione conformativa dei pubblici poteri all’interno di questo mercato, evidenziando, peraltro, un “tratto regolatorio” rin-venibile anche in altri ambiti. In linea con quanto sempre più ricorrente, l’intervento pubblico è in trasformazione: il diritto dell’Unione europea tende ad affiancare obiettivi di politica industriale alla re-golazione economica degli acquisti pubblici. Al contempo, per utilizzare concreta-mente i contratti come strumento aggiuntivo di disciplina dei mercati, si apre alla re-golazione digitale la possibilità di attuare gli indirizzi strategici dell’UE. L’approfondimento di quest’ultima opzione applicativa ha consentito di rilevare impor-tanti criticità nell’attuazione delle regole dell’AI Act alle piattaforme di procurement. Emerge la contraddizione di mercati digitali improntati a un protezionismo delle idee, che andrebbe temperato, almeno entro i limiti di una minima riconduzione ai principi della democrazia economica. Viene inoltre dimostrato come il pieno impiego di algo-ritmi nelle procedure telematiche di acquisto non comporti, di norma, l’accesso alle garanzie del regolamento europeo, le quali risultano attivabili solo qualora l’automa-zione incida sul limitatissimo aspetto della sicurezza fisica della piattaforma. Paralle-lamente, i diritti digitali riconosciuti dalla normativa speciale italiana sembrano svuo-tarsi di significato di fronte alla complessità dell’attuazione concreta di un approvvi-gionamento pubblico automatizzato. Di particolare interesse è il fatto che la disamina del funzionamento di queste piatta-forme ne rivela la duplice natura: infrastrutture tecnico-procedurali, da un lato, e sedi di produzione di regole digitali, dall’altro, in grado di incidere direttamente sulle dina-miche concorrenziali. Tale vocazione all’autoregolazione, volta a massimizzare l’effi-cienza, si affianca alla loro capacità di “abilitare” la regolazione pubblica, trasforman-dola in uno strumento di supporto del mercato, non più soltanto rimedio ai suoi falli-menti. Si delineano così nuovi confini e inediti sconfinamenti, in cui la centralità finora acqui-sita dalla regolazione economica pare destinata a tramontare, o forse ad essere essa stessa assorbita dalla transizione in corso.
Quando la regolazione si fa algoritmo: IA e piattaforme digitali per gli acquisti pubblici
Michela Passalacqua
2025-01-01
Abstract
This article analyses the evolving legal framework on the automation of public procu-rement, highlighting how public authorities are increasingly shaping this market through new regulatory approaches. It also identifies a regulatory pattern that appears to emerge across other sectors. Reflecting broader trends, public intervention is undergoing a transformation. Euro-pean Union law is increasingly integrating industrial policy objectives into the econo-mic regulation of public purchasing. At the same time, digital regulation is being en-trusted with the task of implementing emerging strategic priorities, positioning public contracts as an additional tool for market governance. The study exposes key challenges in applying the AI Act to e-procurement platforms. A core contradiction emerges: these platforms operate within digital markets built on a kind of idea-based protectionism, which arguably should be softened to align with fundamental principles of economic democracy. It is further shown that the wide-spread use of algorithms in online procurement rarely activates the protections of the Eu regulation, which are only applicable when automation affects the platform’s phy-sical security. Meanwhile, the digital rights established under Italian law risk becoming ineffective in the face of the practical complexity of fully automated public procure-ment. It is particularly noteworthy that the analysis of these platforms discloses their dual nature: they function, on the one hand, as technical and procedural infrastructures, and, on the other, as normative environments in which digital rules are generated and enforced, directly shaping competitive dynamics. This inherent propensity for self-re-gulation, oriented toward the maximization of efficiency, coexists with their capacity to enable and reinforce public regulation, thereby turning it into a supportive instru-ment of the market rather than a mere corrective to its failures. The analysis ultimately points to a shifting landscape, where the established centrality of economic regulation may be waning, or perhaps being redefined by the ongoing digital transition.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


