In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

CAVALLINI, GABRIELLA;DE TATA, VINCENZO;Elisabetta Ferraro;FORNAI, FRANCESCO;LENZI, PAOLA;
2016-01-01

Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
2016
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Maria Rosa Ciriolo, ; Mara, Cirone; Sofie, Claerhout; Clague, Michael J.; Joan, Clària; Peter GH Clarke, ; Robert, Clarke; Emilio, Clementi; Cédric, Cleyrat; Miriam, Cnop; Coccia, Eliana M.; Tiziana, Cocco; Patrice, Codogno; Jörn, Coers; Ezra EW Cohen, ; David, Colecchia; Luisa, Coletto; Coll, Núria S.; Emma Colucci Guyon, ; Sergio, Comincini; Maria, Condello; Cook, Katherine L.; Coombs, Graham H.; Cooper, Cynthia D.; Mark Cooper, J.; Isabelle, Coppens; Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, ; Marco, Corazzari; Ramon, Corbalan; Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, ; Cordero, Mario D.; Cristina Corral Ramos, ; Olga, Corti; Andrea, Cossarizza; Paola, Costelli; Safia, Costes; Cotman, Susan L.; Ana Coto Montes, ; Sandra, Cottet; Eduardo, Couve; Covey, Lori R.; Ashley Cowart, L.; Cox, Jeffery S.; Coxon, Fraser P.; Coyne, Carolyn B.; Cragg, Mark S.; Craven, Rolf J.; Tiziana, Crepaldi; Crespo, Jose L.; Alfredo Downloaded by [Università di Pisa] at 03:32 08 July 2016 Criollo, ; Valeria, Crippa; Maria Teresa Cruz, ; Ana Maria Cuervo, ; Cuezva, Jose M.; Taixing, Cui; Cutillas, Pedro R.; Czaja, Mark J.; Czyzyk Krzeska, Maria F.; Dagda, Ruben K.; Uta, Dahmen; Chunsun, Dai; Wenjie, Dai; Yun, Dai; Dalby, Kevin N.; Luisa Dalla Valle, ; Guillaume, Dalmasso; Marcello, D'Amelio; Markus, Damme; Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, ; Catherine, Dargemont; Darley Usmar, Victor M.; Srinivasan, Dasarathy; Biplab, Dasgupta; Srikanta, Dash; Dass, Crispin R.; Hazel Marie Davey, ; Davids, Lester M.; David, Dávila; Davis, Roger J.; Dawson, Ted M.; Dawson, Valina L.; Paula, Daza; Jackie de Belleroche, ; Paul de Figueiredo, ; Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, ; José de la Fuente, ; Luisa De Martino, ; Antonella De Matteis, ; Guido RY De Meyer, ; Angelo De Milito, ; Mauro De Santi, ; Wanderley de Souza, ; DE TATA, Vincenzo; Daniela De Zio, ; Jayanta, Debnath; Reinhard, Dechant; Jean Paul Decuypere, ; Shane, Deegan; Benjamin, Dehay; Barbara Del Bello, ; Del Re, Dominic P.; Régis Delage Mourroux, ; Lea MD Delbridge, ; Louise, Deldicque; Elizabeth Delorme Axford, ; Yizhen, Deng; Joern, Dengjel; Melanie, Denizot; Paul, Dent; Der, Channing J.; Vojo, Deretic; Benoît, Derrien; Eric, Deutsch; Devarenne, Timothy P.; Devenish, Rodney J.; Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, ; Nicola Di Daniele, ; Fabio Di Domenico, ; Alessia Di Nardo, ; Simone Di Paola, ; Antonio Di Pietro, ; Livia Di Renzo, ; Aaron, Diantonio; Guillermo Díaz Araya, ; Ines Díaz Laviada, ; Diaz Meco, Maria T.; Javier, Diaznido; Dickey, Chad A.; Dickson, Robert C.; Marc, Diederich; Paul, Digard; Ivan, Dikic; Dinesh Kumar, Savithrama P.; Chan, Ding; Wen Xing Ding, ; Zufeng, Ding; Luciana, Dini; Jörg HW Distler, ; Abhinav, Diwan; Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, ; Kostyantyn, Dmytruk; Renwick CJ Dobson, ; Volker, Doetsch; Karol, Dokladny; Svetlana, Dokudovskaya; Massimo, Donadelli; Charlie Dong, X.; Xiaonan, Dong; Zheng, Dong; Donohue Jr, Terrence M.; Doran, Kelly S.; Gabriella, D'Orazi; Dorn II, Gerald W.; Victor, Dosenko; Sami, Dridi; Liat, Drucker; Jie, Du; Li Lin Du, ; Lihuan, Du; 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Kuoyang, Huang; Shile, Huang; Shiqian, Huang; Wei Pang Huang, ; Yi Ran Huang, ; Yong, Huang; Yunfei, Huang; Huber, Tobias B.; Patricia, Huebbe; Won Ki Huh, ; Hulmi, Juha J.; Gang Min Hur, ; Hurley, James H.; Zvenyslava, Husak; Sabah NA Hussain, ; Salik, Hussain; Jung Jin Hwang, ; Seungmin, Hwang; Thomas IS Hwang, ; Atsuhiro, Ichihara; Yuzuru, Imai; Carol, Imbriano; Megumi, Inomata; Takeshi, Into; Valentina, Iovane; Iovanna, Juan L.; Iozzo, Renato V.; Nancy Y., Ip; Irazoqui, Javier E.; Pablo, Iribarren; Yoshitaka, Isaka; Isakovic, Aleksandra J.; Harry, Ischiropoulos; Isenberg, Jeffrey S.; Mohammad, Ishaq; Hiroyuki, Ishida; Downloaded by [Università di Pisa] at 03:32 08 July 2016 Isao Ishii, ; Ishmael, Jane E.; Ciro, Isidoro; Ken ichi Isobe, ; Erika, Isono; Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, ; Koji, Itahana; Eisuke, Itakura; Ivanov, Andrei I.; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V.; Izquierdo, José M.; Yotaro, Izumi; Valentina, Izzo; Marja, Jäättelä; Nadia, Jaber; Daniel John Jackson, ; Jackson, William T.; Tony George Jacob, ; Jacques, Thomas S.; Chinnaswamy, Jagannath; Ashish, Jain; Nihar Ranjan Jana, ; Byoung Kuk Jang, ; Alkesh, Jani; Bassam, Janji; Paulo Roberto Jannig, ; Jansson, Patric J.; Steve, Jean; Marina, Jendrach; Ju Hong Jeon, ; Niels, Jessen; Eui Bae Jeung, ; Kailiang, Jia; Lijun, Jia; Hong, Jiang; Hongchi, Jiang; Liwen, Jiang; Teng, Jiang; Xiaoyan, Jiang; Xuejun, Jiang; Xuejun, Jiang; Ying, Jiang; Yongjun, Jiang; Alberto, Jiménez; Cheng, Jin; Hongchuan, Jin; Lei, Jin; Meiyan, Jin; Shengkan, Jin; Umesh Kumar Jinwal, ; Eun Kyeong Jo, ; Terje, Johansen; Johnson, Daniel E.; Gail VW Johnson, ; Johnson, James D.; Eric, Jonasch; Chris, Jones; Leo AB Joosten, ; Joaquin, Jordan; Anna Maria Joseph, ; Bertrand, Joseph; Joubert, Annie M.; Dianwen, Ju; Jingfang, Ju; Hsueh Fen Juan, ; Katrin, Juenemann; Gábor, Juhász; Hye Seung Jung, ; Jung, Jae U.; Yong Keun Jung, ; Heinz, Jungbluth; Justice, Matthew J.; Barry, Jutten; Kaakoush, Nadeem O.; Kai, Kaarniranta; Allen, Kaasik; Tomohiro, Kabuta; Bertrand, Kaeffer; Katarina, Kågedal; Alon, Kahana; Shingo, Kajimura; Kakhlon, Or; Manjula, Kalia; Kalvakolanu, Dhan V.; Yoshiaki, Kamada; Konstantinos, Kambas; Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O.; Kampinga, Harm H.; Mustapha, Kandouz; Chanhee, Kang; Rui, Kang; Tae Cheon Kang, ; Tomotake, Kanki; Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, ; Haruo, Kanno; Kanthasamy, Anumantha G.; Marc, Kantorow; Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, ; Orsolya, Kapuy; Vassiliki, Karantza; Md Razaul Karim, ; Parimal, Karmakar; Arthur, Kaser; Susmita, Kaushik; Thomas, Kawula; Murat Kaynar, A.; Po Yuan Ke, ; Zun Ji Ke, ; Kehrl, John H.; Keller, Kate E.; Jongsook Kim Kemper, ; Kenworthy, Anne K.; Oliver, Kepp; Andreas, Kern; Santosh, Kesari; David, Kessel; Robin, Ketteler; Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, ; Bilon, Khambu; Muzamil Majid Khan, ; Vinoth KM Khandelwal, ; Sangeeta, Khare; Kiang, Juliann G.; Kiger, Amy A.; Akio, Kihara; Kim, Arianna L.; Cheol Hyeon Kim, ; Deok Ryong Kim, ; Do Hyung Kim, ; Eung Kweon Kim, ; Hye Young Kim, ; Hyung Ryong Kim, ; Jae Sung Kim, ; Jeong Hun Kim, ; Jin Cheon Kim, ; Jin Hyoung Kim, ; Kwang Woon Kim, ; Kim, Michael D.; Moon Moo Kim, ; Kim, Peter K.; Seong Who Kim, ; Soo Youl Kim, ; Yong Sun Kim, ; Yonghyun, Kim; Adi, Kimchi; Kimmelman, Alec C.; Tomonori, Kimura; King, Jason S.; Karla, Kirkegaard; Vladimir, Kirkin; Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A.; Shuji, Kishi; Yasuo, Kitajima; Katsuhiko, Kitamoto; Yasushi, Kitaoka; Kaio, Kitazato; Kley, Rudolf A.; Klimecki, Walter T.; Michael, Klinkenberg; Jochen, Klucken; Helene, Knævelsrud; Erwin, Knecht; Laura, Knuppertz; Jiunn Liang Ko, ; Satoru, Kobayashi; Koch, Jan C.; Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, ; Ulrich, Koenig; Young Ho Koh, ; Katja, Köhler; Kohlwein, Sepp D.; Masato, Koike; Masaaki, Komatsu; Eiki, Kominami; Dexin, Kong; Hee Jeong Kong, ; Konstantakou, Eumorphia G.; Kopp, Benjamin T.; Tamas, Korcsmaros; Laura, Korhonen; Korolchuk, Viktor I.; Koshkina, Nadya V.; Yanjun, Kou; Koukourakis, Michael I.; Constantinos, Koumenis; Kovács, Attila L.; Tibor, Kovács; Kovacs, Werner J.; Daisuke, Koya; Claudine, Kraft; Dimitri, Krainc; Helmut, Kramer; Tamara Kravic Stevovic, ; Wilhelm, Krek; Carole Kretz Remy, ; Roswitha, Krick; Malathi, Krishnamurthy; Janos Kriston Vizi, ; Guido, Kroemer; Kruer, Michael C.; Rejko, Kruger; Ktistakis, Nicholas T.; Kazuyuki, Kuchitsu; Christian, Kuhn; Addanki Pratap Kumar, ; Anuj, Kumar; Ashok, Kumar; Deepak, Kumar; Dhiraj, Kumar; Rakesh, Kumar; Sharad, Kumar; Mondira, Kundu; Hsing Jien Kung, ; Atsushi, Kuno; Sheng Han Kuo, ; Jeff, Kuret; Tino, Kurz; Terry, Kwok; Taeg Kyu Kwon, ; Yong Tae Kwon, ; Irene, Kyrmizi; La Spada, Albert R.; Frank, Lafont; Tim, Lahm; Aparna, Lakkaraju; Truong, Lam; Trond, Lamark; Steve, Lancel; Landowski, Terry H.; Darius JR Lane, ; Lane, Jon D.; Cinzia, Lanzi; Pierre, Lapaquette; Lapierre, Louis R.; Jocelyn, Laporte; Johanna, Laukkarinen; Laurie, Gordon W.; Sergio, Lavandero; Lena, Lavie; Lavoie, Matthew J.; Betty Yuen Kwan Law, ; Helen Ka wai Law, ; Law, Kelsey B.; Robert, Layfield; Lazo, Pedro A.; Laurent Downloaded by [Università di Pisa] at 03:32 08 July 2016 Le Cam, ; Le Roch, Karine G.; Hervé Le Stunff, ; Vijittra, Leardkamolkarn; Marc, Lecuit; Byung Hoon Lee, ; Che Hsin Lee, ; Lee, Erinna F.; Gyun Min Lee, ; Hejin, Lee; Hsinyu, Lee; Jae Keun Lee, ; Jongdae, Lee; Ju hyun Lee, ; Jun Hee Lee, ; Michael, Lee; Myung Shik Lee, ; Lee, Patty J.; Lee, Sam W.; Seung Jae Lee, ; Shiowju, Lee; Lee, Stella Y.; Sug Hyung Lee, ; Sung Sik Lee, ; Sung Joon Lee, ; Sunhee, Lee; Ying Ray Lee, ; Lee, Yong J.; Lee, Young H.; Christiaan, Leeuwenburgh; Sylvain, Lefort; Renaud, Legouis; Jinzhi, Lei; Qun Ying Lei, ; Leib, David A.; Gil, Leibowitz; Istvan, Lekli; Lemaire, Stéphane D.; Lemasters, John J.; Lemberg, Marius K.; Antoinette, Lemoine; Shuilong, Leng; Guido, Lenz; Lenzi, Paola; Lerman, Lilach O.; Daniele Lettieri Barbato, ; Ju Leu, Julia I.; Leung, Hing Y.; Beth, Levine; Lewis, Patrick A.; Frank, Lezoualc'H; Chi, Li; Faqiang, Li; Feng Jun Li, ; Jun, Li; Ke, Li; Lian, Li; Min, Li; Min, Li; Qiang, Li; Rui, Li; Sheng, Li; Wei, Li; Wei, Li; Xiaotao, Li; Yumin, Li; Jiqin, Lian; 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Benjamin, Loos; Carlos, Lópezotín; Cristina López Vicario, ; Mar, Lorente; Lorenzi, Philip L.; Péter, Lõrincz; Marek, Los; Lotze, Michael T.; Lovat, Penny E.; Binfeng, Lu; Bo, Lu; Jiahong, Lu; Qing, Lu; She Min Lu, ; Shuyan, Lu; Yingying, Lu; Frédéric, Luciano; Shirley, Luckhart; John Milton Lucocq, ; Paula, Ludovico; Aurelia, Lugea; Lukacs, Nicholas W.; Lum, Julian J.; Lund, Anders H.; Honglin, Luo; Jia, Luo; Shouqing, Luo; Claudio, Luparello; Timothy, Lyons; Jianjie, Ma; Yi, Ma; Yong, Ma; Zhenyi, Ma; Juliano, Machado; Machado Santelli, Glaucia M.; Fernando, Macian; Macintosh, Gustavo C.; Mackeigan, Jeffrey P.; Macleod, Kay F.; Macmicking, John D.; Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, ; Frank, Madeo; Muniswamy, Madesh; Julio, Madrigalmatute; Akiko, Maeda; Tatsuya, Maeda; Gustavo, Maegawa; Emilia, Maellaro; Hannelore, Maes; Marta, Magariños; Kenneth, Maiese; Maiti, Tapas K.; Luigi, Maiuri; Maria Chiara Maiuri, ; Maki, Carl G.; Roland, Malli; Walter, Malorni; Alina, Maloyan; Fathia Mami Chouaib, ; Man, Na; Mancias, Joseph D.; Evamaria, Mandelkow; Mandell, Michael A.; Manfredi, Angelo A.; Manié, Serge N.; Claudia, Manzoni; Kai, Mao; Zixu, Mao; Zong Wan Mao, ; Philippe, Marambaud; Anna Maria Marconi, ; Zvonimir, Marelja; Gabriella, Marfe; Marta, Margeta; Eva, Margittai; Muriel, Mari; Mariani, Francesca V.; Concepcio, Marin; Sara, Marinelli; Guillermo, Mariño; Ivanka, Markovic; Rebecca, Marquez; Martelli, Alberto M.; Sascha, Martens; Martin, Katie R.; Martin, Seamus J.; Shaun, Martin; Martin Acebes, Miguel A.; Paloma Martín Sanz, ; Camille Martinand Mari, ; Wim, Martinet; Jennifer, Martinez; Nuria Martinez Lopez, ; Ubaldo, Martinezoutschoorn; Moisés Martínez Velázquez, ; Marta Martinez Vicente, ; Waleska Kerllen Martins, ; Hirosato, Mashima; Mastrianni, James A.; Giuseppe, Matarese; Paola, Matarrese; Roberto, Mateo; Satoaki, Matoba; Naomichi, Matsumoto; Takehiko, Matsushita; Akira, Matsuura; Takeshi, Matsuzawa; Mattson, Mark P.; Soledad, Matus; Norma, Maugeri; Caroline, Mauvezin; Andreas, Mayer; Dusica, Maysinger; Mazzolini, Guillermo D.; Mary Kate McBrayer, ; Kimberly, Mccall; Craig, Mccormick; Mcinerney, Gerald M.; Mciver, Skye C.; Sharon, Mckenna; Mcmahon, John J.; Mcneish, Iain A.; Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, ; Jan Paul Medema, ; Medina, Diego L.; Klara, Megyeri; Maryam, Mehrpour; Mehta, Jawahar L.; Yide, Mei; Ute Christiane Meier, ; Meijer, Alfred J.; Alicia, Meléndez; Downloaded by [Università di Pisa] at 03:32 08 July 2016 Gerry Melino, ; Sonia, Melino; Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, ; Mena, Maria A.; Meneghini, Marc D.; Menendez, Javier A.; Regina, Menezes; Liesu, Meng; Linghua, Meng; Songshu, Meng; Rossella, Menghini; Sue Menko, A.; Rubem FS Menna Barreto, ; Menon, Manoj B.; Meraz Ríos, Marco A.; Giuseppe, Merla; Luciano, Merlini; Merlot, Angelica M.; Andreas, Meryk; Stefania, Meschini; Meyer, Joel N.; Man tian Mi, ; Chao Yu Miao, ; Lucia, Micale; Simon, Michaeli; Carine, Michiels; Anna Rita Migliaccio, ; Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, ; Dalibor, Mijaljica; Katsuhiko, Mikoshiba; Enrico, Milan; Leonor Miller Fleming, ; Mills, Gordon B.; Mills, Ian G.; Georgia, Minakaki; Minassian, Berge A.; Xiu Fen Ming, ; Farida, Minibayeva; Minina, Elena A.; Mintern, Justine D.; Saverio, Minucci; Antonio Miranda Vizuete, ; Mitchell, Claire H.; Shigeki, Miyamoto; Keisuke, Miyazawa; Noboru, Mizushima; Katarzyna, Mnich; Baharia, Mograbi; Simin, Mohseni; Luis Ferreira Moita, ; Marco, Molinari; Maurizio, Molinari; Andreas Buch Møller, ; Bertrand, Mollereau; Faustino, Mollinedo; Marco, Mongillo; Monick, Martha M.; Serena, Montagnaro; Craig, Montell; Moore, Darren J.; Moore, Michael N.; Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, ; Moreira, Paula I.; Etienne, Morel; Maria Beatrice Morelli, ; Sandra, Moreno; Morgan, Michael J.; Arnaud, Moris; Yuji, Moriyasu; Morrison, Janna L.; Morrison, Lynda A.; Eugenia, Morselli; Jorge, Moscat; Moseley, Pope L.; Serge, Mostowy; Elisa, Motori; Denis, Mottet; Mottram, Jeremy C.; Moussa, Charbel E. 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Nazzy, Pakpour; Zdena, Palková; Francesca, Palladino; Kathrin, Pallauf; Nicolas, Pallet; Marta, Palmieri; Paludan, Søren R.; Camilla, Palumbo; Silvia, Palumbo; Olatz, Pampliega; Hongming, Pan; Wei, Pan; Theocharis, Panaretakis; Aseem, Pandey; Areti, Pantazopoulou; Zuzana, Papackova; Papademetrio, Daniela L.; Issidora, Papassideri; Alessio, Papini; Nirmala, Parajuli; Julian, Pardo; Parekh, Vrajesh V.; Giancarlo, Parenti; Jong In Park, ; Junsoo, Park; Park, Ohkmae K.; Roy, Parker; Rosanna, Parlato; Parys, Jan B.; Parzych, Katherine R.; Jean Max Pasquet, ; Benoit, Pasquier; Kishore BS Pasumarthi, ; Daniel, Patschan; Cam, Patterson; Sophie, Pattingre; Scott, Pattison; Arnim, Pause; Hermann, Pavenstädt; Flaminia, Pavone; Zully, Pedrozo; Peña, Fernando J.; Peñalva, Miguel A.; Mario Downloaded by [Università di Pisa] at 03:32 08 July 2016 Pende, ; Jianxin, Peng; Fabio, Penna; Penninger, Josef M.; Anna, Pensalfini; Salvatore, Pepe; Gustavo JS Pereira, ; Pereira, Paulo C.; Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, ; 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