Transition Times in Memory

This chapter analyzes the transition times to democracy in Italy, Portugal, Spain and Greece, by especially looking at the role that mobilization from below had in the four countries. The first part is devoted to a literature review of the four transitions, and is concluded with a typology of transitions toward democracy based on the role of mobilization and protests and the role of the elites. The following paragraphs are devoted to summarize the main characteristics of the actors involved, the repertoire of action and the frames used during the four transitions to democracy. In the conclusive paragraph, some hypotheses of the impact of the transitions features on movements memories have been singled out.