Molecular identification of seahorse and pipefish species sold as dried seafood in China: A market-based survey to highlight the actual needs for a proper trade

In this study, COI and 16S rRNA genes were used to molecularly identify dried seahorse and pipefish sold on the Chinese market. One hundred and ninety-eight products, including 168 seahorse and 30 pipefish, were collected from dried seafood sellers in Zhanjiang (Guangdong province, China)and analyzed. Overall, the study identified 5 different species: Hippocampus trimaculatus, H. spinosissimus and H. kelloggi in seahorse products and Solegnathus hardwickii and S. spinosissimus in pipefish products. All the aforesaid species were randomly sold under the generic umbrella term of Hai ma (海马)(seahorse)and of Hai long (海龙)(pipefish)irrespectively of the price. The present study supports the main pathways of seahorse and pipefish exploitation already described in the literature and confirms previous concerns about the impact that illegal and not regulated trade could have on syngnathids. In particular, the huge economic value of dried products seems to represent the strongest incentive to fishing despite the presence of a legislative framework aimed at managing the wild population of seahorse and pipefish. A proper description on the label, comprising at least the scientific denomination and a “recognizable” Chinese commercial name, is needed to avoid deception of consumers and bypassing of official controls.