Thyroid ultrasound and other imaging procedures in the pediatric age

The purpose of this review is to provide a reappraisal of the diagnostic imaging procedures for thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients, including thyroid ultrasound (US), ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), scintigraphy, radiological techniques (CT, MR), and PET/CT. The most frequent indication for thyroid imaging is characterization of a palpable mass in the neck or thyroid gland. Thyroid US is a first-line examination for visualizing the thyroid gland as it provides anatomic and perfusion in-formation; on the other hand, scintigraphy mostly provides functional information but combined with some anatomic information as well. CT and MRI have a supplemental role in these patients. Furthermore, with the introduction of PET/CT and the development of new imaging agents, nuclear medicine plays an important role in different phases of neoplastic disease in terms of both staging and evaluation of response to medical/surgical treatments.