Associations between Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Body Condition Score, Ultrasound Hepatic Measurements and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Cows

Simple Summary Metabolic disorders represent a crucial problem in early lactating dairy cows, which lead to major economic losses at the herd level. To allow the prompt detection of metabolic dysfunction with noninvasive and ready-to-use methods on the farm, milk matrix represents the best option. Among milk fine components, the fatty acid profile represents a fingerprint of the cow's nutritional and metabolic status, being a suitable indicator of metabolic imbalance at the cow level. We performed an association study between milk fatty acid profile and a set of metabolic indicators, such as body condition score, ultrasound liver measurements, and blood metabolites, from 297 Holstein-Friesian cows. We extracted a few latent variables able to explain specific biological mechanisms from the milk fatty acid profile. Then, we explored the associations between these new synthetic variables, namely the factors, and the morphometric, ultrasonographic and hematic indicators of immune and metabolic status. The significant associations of fatty acid factors with blood and ultrasound indicators of inflammation and hepatic load showed the capacity of fatty acids to reflect the energy metabolic status of lactating cows, suggesting their potential usefulness as markers of digestive alterations and metabolic variations in cows during the critical period of early lactation. Dairy cows have high incidences of metabolic disturbances, which often lead to disease, having a subsequent significant impact on productivity and reproductive performance. As the milk fatty acid (FA) profile represents a fingerprint of the cow's nutritional and metabolic status, it could be a suitable indicator of metabolic status at the cow level. In this study, we obtained milk FA profile and a set of metabolic indicators (body condition score, ultrasound liver measurements, and 29 hematochemical parameters) from 297 Holstein-Friesian cows. First, we applied a multivariate factor analysis to detect latent structure among the milk FAs. We then explored the associations between these new synthetic variables and the morphometric, ultrasonographic and hematic indicators of immune and metabolic status. Significant associations were exhibited by the odd-chain FAs, which were inversely associated with beta-hydroxybutyrate and ceruloplasmin, and positively associated with glucose, albumin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Short-chain FAs were inversely related to predicted triacylglycerol liver content. Rumen biohydrogenation intermediates were associated with glucose, cholesterol, and albumin. These results offer new insights into the potential use of milk FAs as indicators of variations in energy and nutritional metabolism in early lactating dairy cows.