Hemp (Cannabis sativa cv. Kompolti) essential oil and its nanoemulsion: Prospects for insecticide development and impact on non-target microcrustaceans

Formulation development and non-target effect studies are two crucial steps for the registration of new botanical insecticides. Previous reports put in evidence the potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) essential oil (EO) as a new candidate ingredient for developing green insecticides. However, the validation of its target and non-target ef-fects after proper encapsulation is missing so far. In the current work, we investigated the insecticidal efficacy of the EO obtained from the hemp variety 'Kompolti', and we optimized its formulation development into a nanoemulsion (NE). The latter was assayed against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, a well-known vector of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, avian malaria, and several arboviruses, such as Western equine encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Considering the percentage of encapsulated EO (7.5% w/w), the developed NE showed mortality on Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, in terms of LC50(90) values [72.2 (207.2) ppm], like those of pure EO [50.8(142.3) ppm]. Non-target toxicity experiments showed limited toxicity on the aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus (i.e., mortality <16% after 48 h of exposure to the EO-based NE at the LC90 estimated on mosquito larvae). Considering that the LC50 values detected in this study are lower than those belonging to many EOs, and that the application at sublethal doses caused mortality be-tween 39.1% and 40.8% as well as a reduction in mosquito fertility resulting in a reduction in natality of 40.4% and 45.1% for the EO and EO-based NE, respectively, both products may be considered as potential environ-mentally friendly and sustainable insecticides.