Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), commonly known as the blue bottle fly, plays a fundamental ecological role in terms of pollination (by adults) and colonisation of carcasses from the first stage of decomposition (by larvae). However, being a partially synanthropic species, it can represent a nuisance in locations visited by humans and animals, and its oviposition on meat products inevitably makes them unmarketable. As for the control of other pest flies (Muscidae, Sarcophagidae), against C. vomitoria in urban contexts are commonly used indoor and outdoor sprays based on pyrethroids, which act by contact but are associated with side effects on non-target organisms and the development of resistance. Among the more environmentally friendly alternatives, essential oils (EOs), such as mixtures of volatile secondary metabolites obtained from countless plants belonging to different botanical families, have been considered for decades now. Depending on the type of administration, EOs may enter the treated insect via the integument, the sensilla, mouthparts, the respiratory system, or other openings. Once in contact with the various tissues, the mode of action (or multiple) by which they exert their direct or indirect neurotoxicity is not fully known yet, but it likely involves neurotransmitters, enzymes, and/or hormones. In the present work, an oregano (Origanum vulgare L. – Lamiaceae) EO belonging to the carvacrol chemotype (monoterpenoid content 70.2%, characterised by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) was selected for topical application on the thorax of C. vomitoria using a micro-applicator. After calculating the lethal doses by direct contact for 50 and 95% of the test flies (LD50 = 0.067 µL OE fly−1 and LD95 = 0.180 µL OE fly−1 after 24 hours), we based on the LD95 to treat specimens that were then subjected to ultrastructural analysis by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an in vivo colourimetric, enzymatic assay (Ellman's) to assess the potential inhibitory effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). TEM observation of the EO-treated samples showed morphological differences at the integumentary level (exocuticle, endocuticle, epidermis) and in the underlying muscles and tracheal system, with vacuolisation, disorganisation, and degeneration of tissues compared to the control. The enzymatic assay, instead, did not confirm the inhibitory action on AChE. In conclusion, the oregano EO can penetrate the thoracic integument of C. vomitoria when applied topically, but its mode of action does not seem to include the inhibition of AChE. Further tests will be necessary to investigate the involvement of other biomolecules. Additionally, specific formulations to retain the EO toxicity but limit its volatility and degradability need to be produced and tested.
Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), comunemente noto come moscone blu della carne, gioca un fondamentale ruolo ecologico per quanto riguarda l’impollinazione (da parte degli adulti) e la colonizzazione delle carcasse già dal primo stadio di decomposizione (da parte delle larve). Essendo una specie parzialmente sinantropica, però, può rappresentare un fastidio nei luoghi frequentati dall’uomo e dagli animali e la sua ovideposizione su prodotti a base di carne ne determina l’inevitabile incommerciabilità. Come nel controllo di altre mosche dannose (Muscidae, Sarcophagidae), contro C. vomitoria in contesti urbani sono comunemente utilizzati spray per interni ed esterni a base di piretroidi che agiscono per contatto, ma che sono associati a effetti indesiderati su organismi non-target e allo sviluppo di resistenza. Fra le alternative più ecosostenibili, ormai da decenni sono presi in considerazione gli oli essenziali (OE), cioè miscele di metaboliti secondari volatili ottenuti da innumerevoli piante di diverse famiglie botaniche. In base alla tipologia di somministrazione, gli OE possono penetrare nell’insetto trattato tramite il tegumento, i sensilli, l’apparato boccale, il sistema respiratorio o altre aperture. Una volta entrati in contatto con i vari tessuti, la modalità di azione (o le molteplici) con cui esplicano la loro diretta o indiretta neurotossicità non è ancora del tutto nota, ma verosimilmente questa coinvolge neurotrasmettitori, enzimi e/o ormoni. Nel presente lavoro, abbiamo selezionato un OE di origano (Origanum vulgare L. – Lamiaceae) appartenente al chemotipo carvacrolo (contenuto del monoterpenoide 70,2%, caratterizzato tramite gascromatografia accoppiata a spettrometria di massa) per applicazioni topiche sul torace di C. vomitoria mediante un micro-applicatore. Dopo aver calcolato le dosi letali tramite contatto diretto per il 50 e 95% delle mosche test (DL50 = 0,067 µL OE mosca−1 e DL95 = 0,180 µL OE mosca−1 dopo 24 ore), ci siamo basati sulla DL95 per trattare esemplari sottoposti poi ad analisi ultrastrutturale tramite microscopio ottico ed elettronico a trasmissione (TEM) e a un saggio enzimatico colorimetrico (di Ellman) in vivo con cui valutare l’eventuale effetto inibente sull’enzima acetilcolinesterasi (AChE). L’osservazione al TEM dei campioni trattati con OE ha mostrato differenze morfologiche a livello tegumentario (esocuticola, endocuticola, epidermide) e dei muscoli e del sistema tracheale sottostanti, con vacuolizzazione, disorganizzazione e degenerazione dei tessuti rispetto al controllo. Il saggio enzimatico, invece, non ha confermato l’azione inibente sull’AChE. In conclusione, l’OE di origano è in grado di penetrare il tegumento toracico di C. vomitoria quando applicato topicamente, ma la sua modalità d’azione non sembra includere l’inibizione dell’AChE. Ulteriori test saranno necessari per indagare il coinvolgimento di altre biomolecole. Inoltre, dovranno essere prodotte e testate formulazioni specifiche per conservare la tossicità dell’OE ma limitare la sua volatilità e degradabilità.
Ultrastructural modifications in Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) induced by an oregano essential oil.
Priscilla FarinaPrimo
;Antonella Petri;Barbara Conti;Roberta Ascrizzi;
2025-01-01
Abstract
Calliphora vomitoria (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), commonly known as the blue bottle fly, plays a fundamental ecological role in terms of pollination (by adults) and colonisation of carcasses from the first stage of decomposition (by larvae). However, being a partially synanthropic species, it can represent a nuisance in locations visited by humans and animals, and its oviposition on meat products inevitably makes them unmarketable. As for the control of other pest flies (Muscidae, Sarcophagidae), against C. vomitoria in urban contexts are commonly used indoor and outdoor sprays based on pyrethroids, which act by contact but are associated with side effects on non-target organisms and the development of resistance. Among the more environmentally friendly alternatives, essential oils (EOs), such as mixtures of volatile secondary metabolites obtained from countless plants belonging to different botanical families, have been considered for decades now. Depending on the type of administration, EOs may enter the treated insect via the integument, the sensilla, mouthparts, the respiratory system, or other openings. Once in contact with the various tissues, the mode of action (or multiple) by which they exert their direct or indirect neurotoxicity is not fully known yet, but it likely involves neurotransmitters, enzymes, and/or hormones. In the present work, an oregano (Origanum vulgare L. – Lamiaceae) EO belonging to the carvacrol chemotype (monoterpenoid content 70.2%, characterised by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) was selected for topical application on the thorax of C. vomitoria using a micro-applicator. After calculating the lethal doses by direct contact for 50 and 95% of the test flies (LD50 = 0.067 µL OE fly−1 and LD95 = 0.180 µL OE fly−1 after 24 hours), we based on the LD95 to treat specimens that were then subjected to ultrastructural analysis by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an in vivo colourimetric, enzymatic assay (Ellman's) to assess the potential inhibitory effect on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). TEM observation of the EO-treated samples showed morphological differences at the integumentary level (exocuticle, endocuticle, epidermis) and in the underlying muscles and tracheal system, with vacuolisation, disorganisation, and degeneration of tissues compared to the control. The enzymatic assay, instead, did not confirm the inhibitory action on AChE. In conclusion, the oregano EO can penetrate the thoracic integument of C. vomitoria when applied topically, but its mode of action does not seem to include the inhibition of AChE. Further tests will be necessary to investigate the involvement of other biomolecules. Additionally, specific formulations to retain the EO toxicity but limit its volatility and degradability need to be produced and tested.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


