Cost-benefit analysis of non-chemical weed control practices: an analysis of 20 European case studies

Selective herbicides, introduced in the 1940s, revolutionized weed control by simplifying management and reducing manual labour. Today, herbicides represent approximately 33% of total pesticide sales in the European Union and are widely used worldwide, emphasizing the urgency for sustainable alternatives. Despite the availability of non chemical methods, their adoption remains limited due to high initial investments, management complexities, and perceived economic risks by farmers. This scenario necessitates a comprehensive analysis of the economic and environmental consequences associated with non-chemical weed management practices. This study employs a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) across various European case studies to evaluate the sustainability of such practices. The methodological framework combines quantitative data on investment and operating costs with qualitative assessments of social and environmental impacts. The findings reveal considerable variability in economic performance and emission reductions, which depend on local conditions and the maturity of the innovations implemented. Consequently, the results support the formulation of flexible policy recommendations aimed at incentivizing advanced technology investments and promoting targeted training programs. A tailored approach is essential to enhance economic competitiveness while preserving environmental integrity, addressing the evolving challenges facing the European agri-food sector.