Audio tactile for accessible teaching in STEM disciplines: a comparison of two low-cost production chains

STEM education often relies on visual diagrams that are difficult for Blind and Low Vision students to access. This work presents an interactive audio-tactile solution that transforms 2D educational diagrams into accessible learning artifacts through two complementary scenarios: a tablet-based tactile overlay with a mobile app, and a tactile IoT board with NanoVNA-based sensing for larger diagrams. Both scenarios use a semi-automated pipeline to generate printable tactile artifacts enriched with audio feedback, aiming to reduce cost, production time, and technical effort for non-specialist producers.