mesophyll cell defective1, a mutation that disrupts leaf mesophyll differentiation in sunflower

Mutants with altered leaf morphology are useful as markers for the study of genetic systems and for probing the leaf differentiation process. One such mutant with deficient greening and altered development of the leaf mesophyll appeared in an inbred line of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The objectives of the present study were to determine the inheritance of the mutant leaf trait and its morphological characterisation. The mutation, named mesophyll cell defective1 (mcd1), has pleiotropic effects and it is inherited as a monogenic recessive. The structure and tissue organization of mcd1 leaves are disrupted. In mcd1 leaves, the mesophyll has prominent intercellular spaces, and palisade and spongy tissues are not properly shaped. The mutant palisade cells also appear to be more vacuolated and with a reduced number of chloroplasts than the wild type leaves of equivalent developmental stage. The lamina thickness of mcd1 leaves is greatly variable and in some areas no mesophyll cells are present between the adaxial and abaxial epidermis. The leaf area of the mcd1 mutant is extremely reduced as well as the stem height. A deficient accumulation of photosynthetic pigments characterizes both cotyledons and leaves of the mutant. In mcd1 leaves, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence imaging evidences a spatial heterogeneity of leaf photosynthetic performance. Little black points, which correspond to photosystem II (PSII) maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm) values close to zero, characterize the mcd1 leaves. Similarly, the lightadapted quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) values show a homogeneous distribution over wild type leaf lamina, while the damaged areas in mcd1 leaves, represented by yellow zones, are prominent. In conclusion, the loss of function of the MCD1 gene in Helianthus annuus is correlated with a variegated leaf phenotype characterized by a localized destruction of mesophyll morphogenesis and defeat of PSII activity.