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CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in
autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and
many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new
technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update
these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews
have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.
Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to
measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs
to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor
the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or
autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux
through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in
macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be
differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined
as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and
degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such
as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is
especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the
appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more
autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block
in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome
biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in
degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and
interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine
macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to
provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these
processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because
the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system
being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to
be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use
of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these
various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be
obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular
autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in
autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and
many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new
technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update
these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews
have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.
Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to
measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs
to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor
the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or
autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux
through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in
macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be
differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined
as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and
degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such
as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is
especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the
appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more
autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block
in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome
biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in
degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and
interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine
macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to
provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these
processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because
the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system
being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to
be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use
of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these
various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be
obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular
autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11568/216331
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simulazione ASN
Il report seguente simula gli indicatori relativi alla propria produzione scientifica in relazione alle soglie ASN 2023-2025 del proprio SC/SSD. Si ricorda che il superamento dei valori soglia (almeno 2 su 3) è requisito necessario ma non sufficiente al conseguimento dell'abilitazione. La simulazione si basa sui dati IRIS e sugli indicatori bibliometrici alla data indicata e non tiene conto di eventuali periodi di congedo obbligatorio, che in sede di domanda ASN danno diritto a incrementi percentuali dei valori. La simulazione può differire dall'esito di un’eventuale domanda ASN sia per errori di catalogazione e/o dati mancanti in IRIS, sia per la variabilità dei dati bibliometrici nel tempo. Si consideri che Anvur calcola i valori degli indicatori all'ultima data utile per la presentazione delle domande.
La presente simulazione è stata realizzata sulla base delle specifiche raccolte sul tavolo ER del Focus Group IRIS coordinato dall’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e delle regole riportate nel DM 589/2018 e allegata Tabella A. Cineca, l’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e il Focus Group IRIS non si assumono alcuna responsabilità in merito all’uso che il diretto interessato o terzi faranno della simulazione. Si specifica inoltre che la simulazione contiene calcoli effettuati con dati e algoritmi di pubblico dominio e deve quindi essere considerata come un mero ausilio al calcolo svolgibile manualmente o con strumenti equivalenti.