Near-field-focused microwave antennas: Near-field shaping and implementation

Focusing the electromagnetic field radiated by an antenna at a point in the antenna near-field (NF) region is a wellknown technique to increase the electromagnetic power density in a size-limited spot region close to the antenna aperture. This article encompasses the basic working principles and the applications of the NF-focused (NFF) microwave antennas as well as the synthesis procedures suggested for the NF shaping around the focal point and the technologies currently used for their implementation.